The component module of the wireless sensor is packaged in a casing, and when it is working, it will be powered by a battery or a vibration generator to form a wireless sensor network node, which is composed of randomly distributed micro nodes integrated with sensors, data processing units and communication modules. The way the organization forms the network.
It can collect the digital signal of the device and transmit it to the wireless gateway of the monitoring center through the wireless sensor network, and directly send it to the computer for analysis and processing. The wireless sensor can also transmit the entire time history signal collected in real time if needed.
The monitoring center can also wirelessly transmit information such as control and parameter settings to the node through the gateway. The data conditioning acquisition processing module passes the weak signal outputted by the sensor to the conditioning circuit after amplification, filtering, etc., and then sends it to the analog-to-digital converter, converts it into a digital signal, and sends it to the main processor for digital signal processing to calculate the effective value of the sensor, and the displacement. Value, etc.
How wireless sensors work:WSNs typically include a host or "gateway" that communicates with a large number of wireless sensors over a single radio communication link. Data collection is done at the wireless sensor node, compressed, and transmitted directly to the gateway, or other wireless sensor nodes can be used to pass data to the gateway if required.
After that, the gateway guarantees that the data is the input data of the system.
Each wireless sensor is regarded as a node, has wireless communication capabilities, and also has certain signal processing and network data intelligence.
Each node can have a specified address, depending on the type of application. The figure below shows the general structure of a node. It typically includes a sensing device, a data processing microcontroller, and a wireless connection RF module. Depending on the network definition, the RF module can function as a simple transmitter or transceiver (TX/RX).
When designing nodes, it is important to note current consumption and processing power. The memory of the microcontroller is very dependent on the software stack used.
What are the wide applications of wireless sensors:Sensor nodes can continuously perform data acquisition, event detection, event identification, position monitoring and node control. These characteristics and wireless connection methods of sensor nodes make wireless sensor networks have broad application prospects and can be widely used in environmental monitoring and forecasting. Health care, smart home, building condition monitoring, complex mechanical monitoring, urban transportation, space exploration, large workshop and warehouse management, and security monitoring of airports and large industrial parks. With the deep research and wide application of wireless sensor networks, wireless sensor networks have gradually penetrated into various fields of human life and have received the attention of the industry.
In environmental monitoring and forecasting, wireless sensor networks can be used to monitor crop irrigation, soil air conditions, livestock and poultry environment and migration, wireless soil ecology, large-scale surface monitoring, etc., for planetary exploration, meteorology and geography. Research, flood monitoring, etc. Based on the wireless sensor network, rainfall, river water level and soil moisture can be monitored by several sensors, and the ecological diversity of the mountain floods is predicted to predict the ecological monitoring of animal habitats. It is also possible to conduct research on population complexity by tracking birds, small animals and insects.
As people pay more and more attention to the environment, the scope of environmental science is becoming more and more extensive. Collecting raw data in the traditional way is a difficult task. Wireless sensor networks provide convenience for field randomized research data acquisition, especially in the following areas: spreading millions of sensors in forests, providing the fastest information for the determination of forest fire locations; sensor networks can provide suffering The location of chemical pollution and the determination of chemical pollution sources do not require artificial risk to enter the contaminated area; determine rainfall conditions, provide accurate information for flood control and drought resistance; monitor air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution in real time; monitor marine, atmospheric and soil components.
Crossbow's MEP series is one of them. This is a small end-user network that is primarily used to detect environmental parameters. The system includes two MEP410 environmental sensor nodes and four MEP510 humidity/temperature sensors. The temperature and pressure sensor is composed of temperature sensitive components and detection lines. The temperature sensor can be roughly divided into two types: contact type and non-contact type. The former is to make the temperature sensor directly contact with the object to be measured to sensitively change the temperature of the measured object, and the latter is to make the temperature sensor and the test object to be tested. The object leaves a certain distance and detects the infrared rays emitted from the object to be tested, thereby achieving the purpose of temperature measurement. Conventional thermocouples, RTDs, thermistors, and semiconductor temperature sensors convert the temperature value through a certain interface circuit to output an analog voltage or current signal. These voltage or current signals can be used for measurement control. Integrating the analog temperature sensor with the digital conversion interface circuit becomes a digital temperature sensor with digital output capability. With the rapid development of semiconductor technology, semiconductor temperature sensors are gradually integrated with corresponding conversion circuits, interface circuits and various other functional circuits to form a powerful, accurate and inexpensive digital temperature sensor.
Application in traffic managementIn the traffic management, the wireless sensor network system installed on both sides of the road can monitor the road surface condition, water accumulation status and road noise, dust, gas and other parameters in real time to achieve road protection, environmental protection and pedestrian health protection.
In 1995, the US Department of Transportation proposed the “National Intelligent Transportation System Project Planningâ€, which is expected to be fully operational by 2025. This new system will effectively use the sensor network for traffic management, not only to drive the car at a certain speed, automatically maintain a certain distance between the front and rear distance, but also to provide the latest news about road congestion, recommend the best driving route And remind drivers to avoid traffic accidents.
Since the system uses a large number of sensors to keep in touch with various vehicles, people can use a computer to monitor the health of each car, such as brake quality, engine speed, and so on. Depending on the situation, the computer can automatically adjust to keep the vehicle in optimal operation at high efficiency and low cost, issue warnings about potential failures, or contact the accident rescue center directly. Such a traffic information system has been built in Pittsburgh, Pa., in the United States, and has generated commercial value through media such as radio.
Sensor nodes on both sides of the road can monitor road damage and road inequality in real time. In the rainstorm, the road area water condition can be monitored, and the data can be sent to relevant departments in real time through the wireless sensor network, so that relevant departments can conduct roads. Overhaul or issue road water warnings and troubleshooting. Sensor nodes on both sides of the road can also monitor the environmental conditions in the vicinity of the road, such as noise, dust and toxic gas concentration, and send the data in real time through the wireless sensor network system, so that the relevant departments can monitor the road conditions. . Senera's system can be used to monitor road environments such as bridges, viaducts, and highways. For many old bridges, the pier is washed by the water for a long time. The sensor can be placed at the bottom of the pier to sense the structure of the pier. It can also be placed on both sides or the bottom of the bridge to collect the temperature, humidity, vibration amplitude and erosion of the bridge. The degree, etc., can reduce the loss of life and property caused by broken bridges. In San Francisco, 200 networked dust particles have been deployed at the Golden Gate Bridge, which is used to determine the swing distance of the bridge from side to side - accurate to a few feet in strong winds. When the dust detects the moving distance, it will pass the information through the microcomputer network. The information finally arrives at a more powerful computer for data analysis. Any abnormal readings that do not match the current weather conditions may indicate the existence of the bridge. Based on this information, the system will notify the engineer to repair it to ensure that the bridge remains intact in the event of an earthquake or other natural disaster.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a new type of transportation system developed on the basis of the traditional transportation system. It integrates information, communication, control and computer technology and other modern communication technologies into the transportation field, and will "man-car- Road-environment is organically combined. Adding a wireless sensor network technology to the existing transportation facilities will fundamentally alleviate the problems of safety, fluency, energy saving and environmental protection that plague modern transportation, and at the same time improve traffic efficiency. Therefore, the application of wireless sensor network technology to intelligent transportation systems has become a research hotspot in recent years. The intelligent transportation system mainly includes the collection of traffic information, the transmission of traffic information, traffic control and induction. Wireless sensor networks can provide an effective means for information collection and transmission of intelligent transportation systems to monitor traffic flow and vehicle speed in all directions of roads and intersections. It is mainly composed of subsystems such as information acquisition input, policy control, output execution, data transmission and communication between subsystems. The information acquisition subsystem mainly collects vehicle and road information through sensors, and then the strategy control subsystem calculates the best solution according to the set target and uses the calculation method, and outputs control signals to the execution subsystem to guide and control the vehicle. Pass through to achieve the preset goal. Wireless sensor networks can also be used in intelligent transportation for technical applications such as traffic information release, electronic toll collection, vehicle speed measurement, parking management, integrated information service platform, intelligent public transportation and rail transit, traffic guidance systems and integrated information platforms.
Application in medical systems and health careAt present, many countries are facing the problem of population aging, and China's aging rate is the highest in the world. The number of elderly people over the age of 60 in China has reached 160 million, accounting for about 12% of the total population. The number of elderly people over 80 years old has reached 18.05 million, accounting for 11.29% of the total number of elderly people. A large number of families supporting a total of four elderly people and having one child have further increased the pressure to support the elderly. The average proportion of “empty nesters†in major cities has reached more than 30%, and some large and medium-sized cities have even exceeded 50%. This poses a serious challenge to the traditional Chinese family pension system.
Wireless sensor network technology provides rich background information and early warning response through continuous monitoring. It is not only expected to solve this problem, but also greatly improve the quality and efficiency of medical care. The wireless sensor network integrates technologies such as microelectronics technology, embedded computing technology, modern network and wireless communication and distributed information processing, and can realize real-time information of various environments or monitoring objects through various integrated micro sensors. Monitoring, perception and acquisition. It is currently one of the leading hotspots in the international arena, involving multidisciplinary high-level intersections and highly integrated knowledge.
In recent years, wireless sensor networks have found many applications in medical systems and health care, such as monitoring various physiological data of the human body, tracking and monitoring the actions of doctors and patients in hospitals, and drug management in hospitals. If a special-purpose sensor node, such as a heart rate and blood pressure monitoring device, is installed on an inpatient, the doctor can keep abreast of the condition of the patient being monitored and can quickly rescue the abnormal condition. A study by the University of Rochester shows that these computers can even be used for medical research. Scientists have used wireless sensors to create a “smart medical home,†a five-bedroom apartment home that uses human research projects to test concepts and prototypes. “Smart Healthcare Home†uses dust to measure important signs of occupants (blood pressure, pulse and breathing), sleeping posture, and activity 24 hours a day. The data collected will be used for future medical research. By embedding network sensors in equipment such as shoes, furniture, and household appliances, you can help the elderly, seriously ill, and disabled families. The use of sensor networks can efficiently deliver the necessary information to facilitate care, and can reduce the burden on caregivers and improve the quality of care. The use of sensor networks for long-term collection of human physiological data can speed up the process of developing new drugs, and the micro-sensors installed on the monitored objects will not bring too much inconvenience to people's normal life. In addition, it has novel and unique applications in many aspects such as drug management.
Application in information applianceThe gradual popularization of wireless sensor networks has promoted the rapid development of information appliances and network technologies. The main equipment of home networks has expanded from a single machine to a variety of home appliances. The smart home network control nodes based on wireless sensor networks are home and external networks. The connection between the device and the internal network provides a basic platform for the connection of information appliances and devices.
Embedding sensor nodes in home appliances and connecting them to the Internet through a wireless network will provide people with a more comfortable, convenient and more humane smart home environment. The remote monitoring system can be used to remotely control home appliances, and the home security situation can be monitored at any time through image sensing devices. Sensor networks can be used to build smart kindergartens, monitor children's early educational environments, and track children's activity trajectories.
The wireless sensor network uses the existing Internet, mobile communication network and telephone network to inform the households of indoor environmental parameters and operating status of home appliances, so that the residents can timely understand the internal situation of the home, and remotely monitor the home appliances to realize the interior of the home. The external information transmission, wireless sensor network enables residents not only to monitor the water meter, electricity meter, gas meter, electric water heater, air conditioner, rice cooker, etc. in the home through any browser, the security system gas leak alarm system, the outsider intrusion warning system Etc., and the remote control of the home appliance can be set by the browser setting command. A wireless sensor network consists of multiple wireless sensor nodes with the same or different functions, each node is monitored, and a device is monitored to form a wireless sensor network. The gateway is connected to the Internet system and a hybrid star based on a star structure is used. Shape wireless sensor network structure system model. The sensor node is responsible for data collection and data transfer node data collection in the network, and the module collects indoor environmental data, such as temperature and humidity, and directly or indirectly transmits data to the remote gateway node by the communication routing protocol.
At present, the domestic and international research on low-power hardware platform design and topology control, network protocol and positioning technology of wireless sensor network nodes. Taking a sensor that detects the intensity of light as an example, a wireless sensor network is implemented, which turns off or turns on the indicator light according to the intensity of the light detected by the sensor. In the wireless sensor network, the ordinary node sends the light intensity data collected by it to the network coordinator, and the network coordinator sends the data frame containing the control variable to the indicator with the indicator light, and can also transmit the light intensity data through the serial port. Give the computer. The light intensity signal can be seen by installing the background software on the computer. The collected light intensity data can be changed by covering the light intensity sensor, and the curve decreases when the light intensity is relatively low, and the curve rises. This sensor network integrates embedded technology, sensor technology, and short-range wireless communication technology, and has a wide range of applications. The system does not require changes to the field structure, does not require the support of any fixed network, can be quickly arranged, easy to adjust, and has good maintainability and expandability.
Application in agricultureAgriculture is another important area of ​​wireless sensor network use. To investigate this possibility, Intel pioneered the establishment of the first wireless sugar garden in Oregon. The sensors are distributed in every corner of the vineyard and the soil temperature is measured every minute to ensure that the grapes can grow healthily and thus achieve a bumper harvest. Later, the researchers will implement a system to monitor the temperature of each sensor area, or the amount of harmful substances in the area. They even plan to use sensors on livestock such as dogs so that they can gather the necessary information while patrolling. This information will help to effectively irrigate and spray pesticides, thereby reducing costs and ensuring high farm efficiency.
According to media reports, since the implementation of the National Science and Technology Support Program “Northwest Superior Crop Production Precision Management Systemâ€, it has focused on the main agricultural crops such as apple, kiwi, salvia, melon and tomato, and the ecological and environmental characteristics of drought and rain in the west. Technical research, system integration and typical application demonstrations have successfully applied wireless sensor network technology to precision agricultural production. This advanced technology of sensor network for real-time collection of crop growth environment applies agricultural production, which provides new technical support for the development of modern agriculture. In the implementation of the project, Northwestern Polytechnic University, one of the units in charge, developed sensor network nodes that can collect large temperature and humidity, CO2 concentration, and soil temperature and humidity in real time using sensor network technology.
The system consists of a sensing node, a convergence node, a communication server, a WEB-based monitoring center, an agricultural expert system, and an interactive farm production guidance platform. The system has been applied to facilities crops such as tomatoes and melons in Ansai, Yangling and Yanliang solar greenhouses, Luochuan apple, Zhouzhi kiwi and Shangluo Danshen. Numerous sensing nodes collect crop growth environment information in real time, send information to the aggregation node in the form of self-organizing network, and the aggregation node uploads it to the real-time database on the Internet through GPRS. The agricultural expert system analyzes and processes relevant data, produces production guidance recommendations, and informs farmers in short messages. The system can also remotely control drip irrigation, ventilation and other equipment in the greenhouse, and implement automatic management operations such as temperature and moisture according to the recommendations of the expert system. The Northwest A&F University is oriented to the precise production demand of western agricultural products and the characteristics of the main agricultural facilities in the northwest region. The growth and development simulation model and accurate quantitative management indicators of western dominant crops represented by apple, kiwi, melon, tomato and salvia are studied. A database of growth, yield, and quality of the above crops has been established.
Aiming at the precise management of high-quality fruit industry and Chinese herbal medicine, the simulation model of climate data generation in production area, the simulation model of development process with temperature and illumination as the main driving factors, the dynamic development model of the main stem and leaf age of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the photosynthetic production and dry matter accumulation model of Salvia miltiorrhiza . Through technical assembly and support, six sets of technical specifications for the precision management of major crops were developed, and six demonstration bases including vegetables, apples, kiwi and salvia were established. Through precision seedling and water and fertilizer management, the production efficiency will increase by 11%. The apple precision demonstration park will increase the yield by 12% compared with the conventional orchard, the quality fruit rate will increase by 8%, the investment will be reduced by 17%, and the total benefit per mu will increase by 1215 yuan. Kiwifruit precision The output of the demonstration park will increase by 15%, the quality fruit rate will increase by 10%, the investment will be reduced by 16%, and the total efficiency per mu will be 1,500 yuan. The related technology has radiated more than 20,000 mu, and has increased the cumulative benefit by more than 70 million yuan.
China is a big agricultural country, and the high quality and high yield of crops is of great significance to the country's economic development. In the current situation of the continuous reduction of agricultural natural resources and the deterioration of the ecological environment, if agriculture wants to develop further, it must demand that agriculture transform its growth mode and promote the modernization and informationization of agricultural development. The emergence of sensor networks provides new ideas and powerful means for information collection and processing in various fields of agriculture. With this technology, soil temperature and humidity, air change, pH, carbon dioxide concentration, plant and animal pest information, growth information, crop irrigation, etc. can be provided in real time. This information helps people discover problems in agricultural production in a timely manner, so agriculture may Gradually shift from people-centered to information- and software-centric production models. With the continuous development of wireless sensor networks, related products have been initially introduced in the field at home and abroad and have been demonstrated and applied.
Application in building condition monitoringBuilding condition monitoring refers to the use of sensor networks to monitor the safety status of buildings. As the building continues to be repaired, there may be some security risks. While occasional small vibrations in the earth's crust may not cause visible damage, there may be potential cracks in the struts that may cause the building to collapse during the next earthquake. Inspections using traditional methods often require the building to be closed for several months, and smart buildings with sensor networks can tell the management of their status information and automatically perform a series of self-healing tasks according to priority.
Various skyscrapers in the future may be equipped with such devices, so that the building can automatically tell people whether the current security and stability are such information. With the continuous advancement of society, the concept of safe production has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and people's requirements for safe production are getting higher and higher. In the construction industry where accidents occur frequently, how to ensure the personal safety of construction workers, as well as the preservation of construction materials and equipment on the construction site, is a top priority for construction units. Any construction site has a large number of scaffolding, cables and other facilities and building materials. These things are worthy of being stolen because of their high value and convenient transportation.
In the construction site without video surveillance, theft in the middle of the night and early morning is very serious because the manager cannot monitor the site 24 hours a day. The most worrying thing about construction sites is safety. Since most of the construction workers are migrant workers, their cultural level is limited and their safety awareness is lacking. It is easy to cause personal injury and engineering loss due to illegal operation during construction. In order to avoid these dangers, video surveillance systems are particularly important.
Urban pollution has always been one of the negative effects of construction sites. Due to excessive sand and cement materials, the air quality near the construction site is very poor, which brings a lot of change to the public. Flushing the cement truck will make the road surface near the construction site very muddy, and the water will evaporate, which will make the road surface uneven. These uncivilized behaviors are all investors need to pay attention to. Due to the limitation of the construction environment, the safety management of equipment and materials is imperfect and the self-protection awareness of some employees is weak, which provides criminals with opportunities. How to introduce the construction site through technical means and build a digital construction site has become a key consideration for many construction units. Monitoring of foundation foundation: deep foundation pit support, foundation trench excavation and manual digging pile construction have been included in the special treatment content. Construction at this stage has been the focus of monitoring. Transferred to the ground and floor construction stage, the building is open around, the working surface is wide, there are many construction workers, and each sub-project often crosses the work, requiring all safety precautions and quality requirements to be considered. Such as key monitoring objects, inspection, concrete transport, pouring, maintenance, formwork installation, steel installation and lashing, concrete pouring, construction workers' helmets and seat belts, safety nets for buildings, and stairways Elevator port, wellhead protection, reserved hole, pit well protection, balcony, slab, roofing, etc., and edge protection. For the characteristics of high-level operations, a number of monitoring points can be set, such as the safety net setting of the building, the side protection of the construction workers, the wear of the construction personnel, the erection of the external scaffolding and the floor bamboo scaffolding, the fixing and use of the cable. Hanging basket installation and use, hanging plate inlet and floor unloading platform protection, tower crane and winch installation and operation.
Through ADSL or wireless access to the Internet, install network cameras or wireless network cameras in the material storage and construction surfaces, and install client software or IE browser on the ordinary computer in the security room to monitor multiple screens through networking. Video files can be saved directly for evidence collection after other conditions have occurred. In the office or at home, as long as you can access the Internet, you can use IE browser to see real-time images of various monitoring points, remote monitoring in the car or on a business trip, equipped with laptops and wireless network cards, you can monitor the Internet anytime, anywhere or For patrols, you can also set up a large-screen TV wall for centralized monitoring. The monitoring site can realize arbitrary switching, timing switching, sequence switching and control of the front-end equipment. As the construction company of the management department, the scene can be seen in real time through the Internet, and the wireless monitoring has been installed at a certain construction site. The front-end and intermediate transmission parts can be used directly at other new construction sites, which is convenient and flexible, and reduces investment. It is a good assistant for management.
Application in special environmentsWireless sensor network is one of the research hotspots in the current information field. It can be used to collect, process and transmit signals in special environments. The wireless temperature and humidity sensor network uses PIC microcontroller as the core, and uses integrated humidity sensor and digital temperature sensor to design temperature and humidity. The hardware circuit of the sensor network node communicates with the control center through the wireless transceiver module, so that the system sensor node has low power consumption, reliable data communication, good stability, high communication efficiency, and can be widely used in environmental detection.
With the mutual penetration and integration of computer network technology, wireless technology and smart sensor technology, a new concept of networked intelligent sensors based on wireless technology has been created. This wireless technology-based networked smart sensor enables industrial field data to be transmitted, distributed and shared directly over the network via wireless links. Wireless communication technology can provide high-bandwidth wireless data links and flexible network topologies for communication between various intelligent field devices, mobile robots and various automation devices in a factory environment, effectively making up for some special circumstances. The lack of wired networks further improves the communication performance of industrial control networks. There are also some important application areas of sensor networks. For example, oil pipelines usually go through large and uninhabited areas. Monitoring pipelines has always been a problem. Traditional human inspections are almost impossible. Existing monitoring products are often complex and expensive. Arranging the wireless sensor network on the pipeline can monitor the pipeline situation in real time, and it can be understood in real time in the control center if there is damage or vandalism. Researchers at the University of California at Berkeley believe that if California applies this technology to power usage monitoring, the power control center will save $700 million to $800 million annually.
When transporting certain special items, there are high requirements for the environmental parameters of the container. Wireless sensor networks can monitor parameter changes very well. The Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) is a localization algorithm based on the distance between nodes. The multi-point localization algorithm can be used to accurately locate wireless sensor network nodes. The algorithm is simulated and the experimental environment of network node is tested. The experimental results show that the algorithm meets the requirements of RSSI multi-point positioning. Warehousing operations require an advanced warehouse monitoring and management system. In the traditional warehouse operation management information system, the wireless sensor network-based storage environment monitoring and storage operation equipment operation status monitoring function can be added, and the wireless sensor network-based warehouse monitoring and management system can be constructed to realize the storage information, storage environment monitoring, and storage equipment. Unified computer management for monitoring and warehousing scheduling. Due to the inherent technical characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the application of wireless sensor networks to warehouse monitoring and management requires the specificity of storage objects to solve three key technical problems, namely, the development of wireless with single-node multi-parameter detection and transmission capabilities. Sensor network node equipment, establish hybrid wireless wireless sensor network; focus on the three-dimensional space deployment of wireless sensor network nodes to meet the requirements of network coverage and connectivity, one of the effective node deployment schemes is to base the determined storage space The finite element division of cubes or spheres; researching the comprehensive processing and information fusion of several types of information to meet the need for unified computer management of warehouse information and warehouse operation scheduling.
Finally, you have to say:Wireless network is a network data transmission system that uses radio waves instead of cables to realize the position of computer equipment. It is an important direction for the development of modern data communication systems. Wireless sensor network is one of the research hotspots in the current information field, which can be used to collect, process and transmit signals in special environments. Wireless sensor network is a new information acquisition and processing technology, which has been widely used in real life. At present, wireless sensor networks are being widely studied as a new technology for acquiring and processing information. With the development of communication technology, embedded technology and sensor technology, sensors are gradually becoming more intelligent, miniaturized and wireless networked.
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