The essence of experience and experience of national first-class designers using CAD software for ten years

Three basic aspects of use: clarity, accuracy, and efficiency

At present, the company's design documents, especially drawings, are drawn with AUTOCAD software. However, there are still many people who are not very familiar with CAD, or they are not very comfortable to use, so that the efficiency is not very high. It can be said that in a company, drawing the same drawing is fast and slow. Times may vary several times. At the same time, the drawings drawn by each person look and feel different. Some drawings look clear, clear and beautiful, while some drawings are not only unclear, but can be described as appalling.

I don't know what everyone thinks is the most important thing to use CAD to draw? Everyone may have a different understanding of this issue, but in my opinion, the most important thing is to always remember what the purpose of drawing with CAD is.

When we carry out engineering design, no matter what major or stage, we actually want to express and reflect some design ideas or design content on the design documents. Drawings are an intuitive, accurate, eye-catching, and easy-to-communicate form of expression. Therefore, what we have completed (whether it is the final design document or the process document submitted to other majors as a condition must be able to help us express our design ideas and design content well.

With this premise, we should understand that good computer-generated drawings should have the following two characteristics: clear and accurate.

Clarity: What we want to express must be clear, good drawings, and it looks obvious at a glance. At a glance, you can tell which is the wall, which is the window, which is the hole, which is the pipeline, which is the equipment; the dimensioning, text description, etc. are clear and do not overlap each other... In addition to the clear printout of the drawing, it must also be clear when displayed on the monitor. In addition to clearly expressing the design ideas and design content, the clear drawing is also the cornerstone of improving the drawing speed.

Accurate: a 200-wide wall cannot be drawn as 240; the size of the hole cannot be marked as 1000X2000, but the actual measurement is 1250X2100; a more common mistake is that it is clearly a 3000-wide line, but the measured value is 2999.87. Accurate drawing is not only to look good, but more importantly, it can reflect some drawing problems intuitively, and it also has an important impact on improving drawing speed, especially when drawing revisions. When we use CAD drawing, we should keep the above two points in mind at all times. Only by doing these two points can we say that the drawing has basically passed the test.

The drawing should be "clear" and "accurate". In the drawing process, the same important point is "efficiency". The benefits of being able to draw efficiently, needless to say, if everyone can improve the drawing efficiency by 20%, every project manager and department supervisor may not be able to laugh.

Clear, accurate and efficient are the three basic points of CAD software. In CAD software, in addition to some basic drawing commands, other various editing commands and various setting definitions can be said to be arranged around the three aspects of clarity, accuracy and efficiency. When we study various commands and various settings in CAD, we must think about what they can do in these three aspects; what should we pay attention to when using them; under what circumstances and conditions are these commands the most important to use? Suitable. The second experience of using AUTOCAD received a task, ready to start drawing, I don't know what to do in the first step. There may be a lot of people who just start drawing, but that's not true. It should be a variety of settings, including layers, lines, fonts, labels, and more. It is very necessary to make various settings. Only when the settings are reasonable can we lay a good foundation for our next drawing work, and it is possible to make the next "clear", "accurate" and "efficient".

Let's talk about layers first. It can be said that the definition of layers is the most critical setting of the entire AUTOCAD software, and I found that there are not many clear regulations for the layer settings of our company's employees. Sometimes when I open the DWG drawings of some of my colleagues, I see dozens of layers, and when I look again, most of the graphic elements are on the 0 layer, and I can't help laughing. As for what should be on a different layer on one layer, what should be on one layer but not on the same layer, similar problems abound. What are the principles of layer settings?

First, the less the better on an adequate basis.

No matter what the major or the drawing at any stage, all the elements on the drawing can be organized according to certain rules. For example, architectural drawings, in terms of floor plans, can be divided into: columns, walls, axes, dimensioning, general annotations, doors and windows, furniture, etc. That is to say, for the floor plan of the architectural profession, the layers are defined according to the columns, walls, axes, dimensions, general Chinese characters, doors and windows, furniture, etc. Then, when drawing, which category should be in which category, put The element is placed in the corresponding layer.

As long as all the elements in the drawing can be properly classified, then the basis for layer settings is established. However, is the classification of primitives as fine as possible? wrong. For example, on the floor plan of the building, there are doors and windows, and there are many steps, stairs, etc., so are they divided into door layers, window layers, steps, and stairs? wrong. If there are too many layers, it will cause inconvenience to us in the next drawing process. Just like doors, windows, steps, and stairs, although they are not the same kind of things, they all belong to the line of sight, so they can be managed by the same layer.

Therefore, the first principle of layer settings is to use as little as possible. Two meanings, 1. Sufficient; 2. Streamlining. The situation of each major is different, and everyone can figure out for themselves what is the most reasonable.

Second, the use of layer 0.

Many colleagues like to draw pictures on layer 0, because layer 0 is the default layer, and white is the default color of layer 0. Therefore, sometimes it seems that the screen is full of white flowers. Doing so is absolutely not advisable. Layer 0 cannot be used for drawing. What is Layer 0 used for? is used to define blocks. When defining a block, first set all primitives to layer 0 (except when there are special ones), and then define the block, so that when inserting a block, which layer is inserted, the block is that layer.

Third, the definition of layer color.

Layer settings have many properties, in addition to the image name, there are color, line shape, line width and so on. When we set the layer, we must define the corresponding color, line shape, and line width.

Nowadays, many colleagues use whatever color they like when they define the color of the layer according to their own hobbies, which is not reasonable.

The color definition of the layer should pay attention to two points. First, different layers generally use different colors. In this way, when we draw a picture, we can clearly distinguish the color. If the two layers are of the same color, it is difficult to tell which layer the primitive being manipulated is on when displayed.

The second point of layer color definition is that the choice of color should be based on the thickness of the line width when printing. When printing, the wider the line setting is, the brighter the color of the layer should be; on the contrary, if the width of the line is only 0.09mm when printing, the color of the layer should be No. 8 or similar. . Why do this? In this way, the thickness of the line can be directly reflected on the screen. For example, look at the attached picture. The column layer (ZU) and the wall layer (WA) are the thickest printed, so one is in yellow and the other is in cyan. These two colors are brighter in AUTOCAD. The line width of the filling layer (h) and the furniture layer (fur) is defined as 0.13mm when printing, then, when choosing the color, the darker No. 8 and No. 83 colors are also used. The benefits of doing this will be experienced by everyone in use.

In addition, white belongs to the 0 layer and the DEFPOINTS layer, we do not let other layers use white.

Fourth, the settings of line shape and line width.

Before the line shape settings of the layer, the LTSCALE command is mentioned first. Generally speaking, the setting value of LTSCALE should be set to 1, so that there will be no confusion when communicating drawings. There are three types of commonly used lines, one is Continous continuous line, the other is ACAD_IS002W100 dotted line, and the third is ACAD_IS004W100 dashed line. Like hidden, dot, etc. used in the previous 14 version of CAD, it is not recommended for everyone to use it.

The setting of the line width is also very important. Whether a drawing is good-looking and clear, one of the important factors is whether it has clear layers. In a picture, there are thin lines of 0.13, medium-width lines of 0.25, and thick lines of 0.35, which is rich. The printed drawings, at a glance, can distinguish different types of primitives according to the thickness of the line, where is the wall, where is the door and window, and where is the label.

Therefore, when we set the line width, we must make the thickness clear. If a picture is all a line width and can be described in a so-so way, it can be said that the line of doors and windows is thicker than the line of the wall.

There is one more thing we need to pay attention to. Now we have two specifications for drawing. One is to print according to the proportion. At this time, our line width can use the thickness specification of 0.13.25.4. If we are not printing A3 size according to the scale, at this time, the line width should be set smaller than the scale 0.09.15.3, so as to make the small picture look clear and distinct.

When setting the layer, there are mainly the above aspects to pay attention to. In addition, when drawing, there is another point to pay attention to, that is, the various attributes of all primitives should follow the layer as much as possible. Do not this line is the WA layer, but the color is yellow, and the line shape has become a dotted line. Try to keep the attributes of the primitives consistent with the layers, that is to say, the attributes of the primitives are Bylayer as much as possible. In this way, it helps to improve the clarity, accuracy and efficiency of our drawings. AUTOCAD use experience of the three fonts, label settings and CAD template files

In AUTOCAD software, there are two types of fonts that can be used. One is the Fonts stored in the AUTOCAD directory. The suffix of the font library is shx. This category is a proprietary font library of CAD. English letters and Chinese characters belong to different font libraries. The second type is the Fonts stored in the directory of WINNT or WINXP, etc. (depending on the operating system used by the system). The suffix of the font library is ttf. This category is a general font library for the Windows system. Word, Excel and other software also use this font library. Among them, the Chinese character library already contains English letters.

When we define fonts in CAD, both font libraries can be used, but they have their own characteristics, and we have to use them differently. The first type of fonts with the suffix shx, the biggest feature of this type of fonts is that they occupy less system resources. Therefore, in general, I recommend using this type of font. Our company provides three font libraries: sceic.shx, sceie.shx, and sceist01.shx, of which sceic.shx is a Chinese character library, sceie.shx is an English font, and sceist01.shx is an English font with common structural professional symbols. I strongly suggest that our company's drawings, except for special circumstances, all use the three font files sceic.shx, sceie.shx, sceist01.shx, so that the drawings can be unified and formatted.

When will the font library with the suffix ttf be adopted? There are two cases. First, your drawing files should be communicated with other companies. In this way, the use of font libraries such as Song and Hei can ensure that other companies will not have any problems when opening your files. The second situation is when making plans, covers, etc. Because there are a lot of font files of this type, there are all kinds of styles, and they are more beautiful. Therefore, this type of font library can be used when it is necessary to teach beautiful fonts. There are a few more things to keep in mind when we define fonts.

First of all, it is also the principle that less is better when enough is used. This should apply to all settings in CAD. No matter what type of setting, the more the CAD file is, the larger the CAD file will be, and it may also affect the operation speed when running the software. More importantly, the more settings, the easier it is to make mistakes in the classification of primitives.

When I use CAD, in addition to the default Standard font, there are generally only two font definitions. One is the regular definition with a font width of 0.75. Generally, all Chinese and English characters use this font. The second font definition uses the same font library as the first, but with a font width of 0.5. This font is the special font I use for dimensioning. Because, in most construction drawings, there are a lot of tiny dimensions huddled together. At this time, with a narrower font, the labels will reduce a lot of overlapping. Dimension settings (Dimstyle).

There are a few more options in the annotation definition, but there are not many places to pay attention to. I usually define a setting. For special cases, I will modify its properties individually, and then use the format brush to brush the others. Let me introduce the settings of my commonly used annotation definitions (1:100 scale drawing). Lines and arrows: All colors and line widths are selected by Bylayer, the arrow size is 150, and other data are generally 100~200.

Text: For the text style, select the aforementioned font whose width is defined as 0.5, the color is still Bylayer, the text height is 350, the text position is vertically above, horizontal is centered, offset from the dimension line by 60, and the text is aligned with the dimension line.

Some other options can be adjusted as needed without paying attention to the place.

Units settings (Units). In the options of unit setting, I found that some people like to choose 0 for the precision option of length, that is, use units as the unit. For this, I suggest changing to 3-4 decimal places. In the first chapter, I emphasized that accuracy is one of the three basic points of AUTOCAD use. If we define the length precision as units, it will ignore many small errors, such as 1000 line segments, which are actually drawn as 999.97. It is troublesome to carry out the above definitions before each drawing, so AUTOCAD provides us with a very good method, which is the dwt template. Every time we create a new drawing, the CAD software will let us open a dwt template file, the default is acad.dwt. After we create our own set of habit settings, we can create our own template file to save all the settings and definitions. My dwt templates are some pictures that I have spent several hours carefully selecting, including a simple plan, elevation, section, and a large stair sample, and dozens of commonly used blocks (of course, classified sorted). In this way, every time I make a new project, I can open this module and start working. Some people may ask how to create a dwt file. It is very simple. When saving the file, select Save As, and then select dwt in the file type.

After talking about the various settings in AUTOCAD, let's talk about the Purge command finally. The Purge command can clear all the unused settings, tiles and other information in the picture. It is recommended that you use it a lot. I have to Purge almost every time before saving.

Finally, to sum up, the clear and organized settings in AUTOCAD are the cornerstones to achieve the three basic points of "clear, accurate and efficient" in the use of CAD software. Therefore, I strongly appeal to all departments and departments of the company to establish a set of standard settings applicable to their own departments as soon as possible and implement them. If each major can be regulated and standardized, it will definitely improve a lot of efficiency not only for the interior of the major, but also in the connection of various majors and the submission of materials. AUTOCAD Use Experience No. 4 - Principles of Common Commands and Shortcut Key Settings There are many commands in AUTOCAD software. How can we master some of the main commands and use them reasonably? I often discuss with others that in CAD, to draw or edit a certain graphic element, there are generally several methods. As a qualified cad-drawer, the most appropriate method should be used reasonably.

Let's first take a look at what commands are in CAD? We can divide them into several categories. One is the drawing class, the second is the editing class, the third is the setting class, and the fourth is other classes, including annotations, views, and so on. We analyze class by class.

The first category is the drawing category. Commonly used commands are: Line straight line xline construction line (used to draw auxiliary lines) mline double line (commonly used when drawing wall lines, you can also define and use other line types yourself) pline polyline (mostly diagrams composed of line segments) element, which can be defined as a polyline is defined as a polyline, so it is more convenient to select) rectangle (actually, it is a polyline enclosed by four segments) arc arc circle circle hatch fill (pay attention to the pattern Proportion) boundary boundary (used in calculating area, filling, etc.) block definition block (all primitives to be used to define a block need to be placed on layer 0, and all other attributes are changed to bylayer) insert fast (same as - Compared with insert, one will call up the dialog box, and the other will not)

The second category is the editing category. Commonly used commands are: Matchprop feature matching (equivalent to the format brush in word, often used to brush the primitive being manipulated into the correct layer) Hatchedit fill pattern editing (double-click the filled pattern with the left mouse button) Pedit polysemy Line editing (can also be used to connect several end-to-end line segments into polylines) Erase Erase Copy Copy Mirror Mirror Offset Translate Array Array Move Move Rotate Rotate Scale Scale Stretch Stretch Lengthen Lengthen (not commonly used, but when needed It is very convenient to extend non-horizontal or vertical line segments;! It can also achieve the same function, let's figure it out for yourself) Trim Cut Extend Extend Break Interrupt Fillet Fillet Fillet Explode Break (can be used to break blocks, polylines , double line, etc.) Align alignment (not commonly used, but it is very useful when drawing some oblique graphics, you can align the drawing, and then adjust it back to the original angle after drawing. It is two concepts with UCS) Properties property ( With ddmodify in version 14, you can call up the attribute table, in which you can view and modify almost all attributes of the primitive, which is very useful)

Some more explanations are given on the commands of the drawing class and editing class.

First, when we are drawing, generally speaking, what can be done with editing commands should not be done with drawing commands. In the process of using CAD software, although it is always said to be drawing, but in fact most of them are editing drawings. Because editing primitives can greatly reduce the chance of inaccurate drawing primitives, and can improve efficiency to a certain extent.

Second, when using the drawing command, be sure to set the capture (the settings of the capture will be discussed later), and F3 switches.

Third, when using drawing and editing commands, in most cases, you must use the orthogonal mode, F8 to switch.

Fourth, as a cad-drawer, the drawing and editing commands I listed above must be proficient and skillful to use. Other drawing and editing commands that are not listed should be understood and used when appropriate.

The third category is the setting category. A lot has been said before, so I won't repeat it

The fourth category, others. There is a lot of content here, we will describe them separately. (This will involve the commands in Express)

Next, let's talk about how to customize shortcut keys.

The definition of the shortcut key is saved in the acad.pgp file. After the 2004 version (or after the 02 version, I can't remember), the directory where it is placed has been changed. You can find it by searching in Windows. Shortcut keys can be freely defined according to everyone's preferences. However, I think freedom does not mean casual, and there should be some principles.

1. No ambiguity, try not to use completely irrelevant letters. For example, for the copy command, do not use the letter v to define shortcut keys. This can easily lead to misunderstandings and forgetting. Even if you are familiar with it, as soon as someone comes to your machine, you will absolutely faint.

2. Define shortcut keys according to the frequency of occurrence of each command. When defining, follow the principle of "1 letter--one letter repeated twice--two adjacent or similar letters--other".

For the simplest example, copy and circle. In the default settings of cad, copy is co/cp and circle is c. Such an arrangement is absolutely unreasonable. Generally speaking, copy is used much more frequently than circle, so the first thing to do is to define c as the shortcut key for copy. Then, for circle, you can use cc (the first and fourth letters), or ce (the first and last two letters), both of which are occupied or not used, and then use ci.

For frequently used commands, my advice is to always use shortcut keys, which are much faster than clicking on icons with the mouse, or selecting commands on a menu. Be sure to develop the habit of left-handed keyboard, right-handed mouse. What is a common command? I would suggest that commands that appear more than 5 times a day on average should be attributed to common commands.

After you define the shortcut keys according to this principle, after 1-2 days of practice, you will definitely be able to improve a lot of efficiency. The fifth experience of using AUTOCAD - layer control command, view command, primitive selection method

Layer control commands and view commands are both commands to assist drawing, but these commands are very critical, and whether they are skilled or not will greatly affect the efficiency of drawing.

Let's take a look at the commands related to layers first. Most of the commands related to layers are actually in Express (it seems to be in Bonus in version 02).

In the layer command, the first one, of course, is the layer, the layer property manager. The specific content inside has been discussed in more detail before and will not be repeated this time. Other commands related to layer control are all about how to conveniently control the "switch (display)", "lock" and "current layer" of the layer during the drawing process, so as to easily convert the drawn primitives. Layer properties.

Commands related to the "current layer".

ai_molc Change the current layer to the layer to which the selected primitive belongs. This command is available in the toolbar, and everyone should be familiar with it.

laycur (change to current layer) Change the layer to which the selected primitive belongs to the current layer. Commands related to "switch".

layoff (layer off) turns off the selection layer.

Layiso* (layer isolate) The graph display keeps only the selected layer (layer isolate).

Layon* (turn all layers on) Turns all layers on.

Commands related to "lock".

laylck (layer lock) locks the selected layer

layulk (layer unlock) unlocks the selected locked layer

layerlckiso* Lock all layers except the selected layer (command in plugin "Free Mini Building Tools")

Other layer control commands

layerp restores the previous layer state

laymch (layer match) changes the layer to which the selected primitive belongs to the layer of the last selected primitive (similar to m

matchprop, but the order in which primitives are selected is reversed)

I hope you can spend a little time familiarizing and mastering the layer command. Of course, the prerequisite is the primitives in the drawing.

Layer settings are clearly categorized. If you can't do this, nothing to talk about. There are three commands above, the ones marked with * are commands that people may ignore but are very useful.

There are three categories of view commands.

The first category: redraw (redrawall) redraw, regen regenerate. Redraw is commonly used. When some auxiliary display points and auxiliary display lines cannot be cleared with redraw, try using regen.

The second class is the view zoom class. This category is mainly around the various branch commands of zoom. Commonly used are: zoom-default real-time zoom zoom-p Return to the previous view range zoom-d Dynamic zoom view zoom-a Display all views zoom-w Display the view range of the selected window

The third class is the view translation class. It is pan and its branch commands.

I wonder if you use the mouse to select icons in the toolbar, or use the keyboard to input commands when you control the view? Thinking about the past, in order to facilitate view control, transparent commands are often used. After the AUTOCAD version 00 and above and the three-button mouse (the middle button is the scroll wheel), the zooming and panning of the view can basically meet the requirements by using the middle button of the scroll scroll of the mouse.

Scrolling up and down with the middle mouse button is the real-time zoom of the zoom, and when the middle button is pressed, it is pan. And these are all transparent commands, that is, commands that can be inserted and executed while other commands are in progress. You must master the view control using a three-button mouse.

Now that the use of the mouse is mentioned, let's talk about the selection method of primitives that is also closely related to the mouse.

When we operate editing commands, it is inevitable to select primitives. As far as editing commands and primitive selection are concerned, there are two commonly used methods. I'm used to the second one.

The first one is to use the mouse to click or box to select the primitives. At this time, the selected primitives are highlighted. Then keyboard input editing commands to operate. In this way, the Shift key can be used to remove redundantly selected primitives.

The second is to use the keyboard to input the editing command, and then select the graphic element to be operated after confirming it. After selecting the graphic element to be operated, confirm the editing operation again. In this way, I think it is more convenient and flexible to select the primitives to be operated, and the auxiliary keys can be used to help the selection. P - previous, select the last operation primitive. R - remove, removes selected primitives. A - add, increase selection primitives (for use after remove).

Both of these methods involve some of the same things related to mouse usage. left mouse button. The left mouse button is used to select objects. One is to directly left-click to select the primitive. The second is to click the left mouse button, drag the mouse to the upper right or lower right, and then release. At this time, the solid line selection box appears, and only the primitives completely within the solid line box can be selected. The third is to click the left mouse button, drag the mouse to the upper left or lower left, and then release. At this time, a dotted selection box appears, as long as a part of the primitives within the dotted box can be selected. right click.

The role of the right mouse button is also very large, we must first change the system configuration of AUTOCAD. In User System Configuration, there is an option to "Customize Right Click". In Default Mode and Edit Mode, select Repeat Last Command; in Command Mode, select Confirm.

The Enter key and the space bar in the keyboard can also be used to repeat the previous command in the "default mode" and "edit mode"; in the command mode, confirm. But definitely slower in speed than using the right mouse button to achieve the same purpose. I suggest that you try it out and think about it. Sixth AUTOCAD use experience - drawing and printing scale control, applying frame, labeling commands

After drawing the drawings, we all have to print the drawings. Only when the drawings are printed (white drawings or blueprints on sulfuric acid paper) can we consider that our drawing work is basically completed (of course, sorting and filing, etc.). When printing, there is one aspect that cannot be avoided, that is, the problem of proportion. If the printing scale and drawing scale are reasonable, the final finished drawings will be clear and beautiful. We often see that some drawings are densely packed, and some drawings are empty, all of which belong to improper proportional control. So in terms of printing scale and drawing scale, what should we pay attention to when drawing and at the beginning of drawing?

Generally speaking, our final printed drawings are divided into two types: proportional and non-proportional. According to the proportion, it is generally the construction drawing; there are many cases that are not according to the proportion, generally there are scheme texts, process drawings (see it by yourself), conditional drawings, etc. In recent years, the text of the preliminary design (preliminary design) has gradually become Not to scale to A3 size.

Let’s start by looking at the construction drawings printed to scale. Construction drawings are basically drawn to scale, but there will be different scale settings when drawing. For example, the horizontal section is generally 1:100, the stairwell and bathroom are 1:50, the large node sample is 1:20, and the large node sample in the decoration drawing may have 1:10, 1:5, 1 : 2, etc. The common scale of the total picture is 1:500, and sometimes there are 1:1000, 1:2000, etc. Next, I will illustrate with a set of conventional building construction drawings, including a set of horizontal and vertical sections, stairwells, bathroom mockups and node mockups.

First of all, we usually draw a plan at the beginning. At this time, we should draw each 1MM corresponding to each standard unit 1 in AUTOCAD, and the other vertical sections are the same. At this time, we should pay attention to two places. First, all fonts should be set to a height of about 350. The room name can be slightly larger, and the height of special fonts such as drawing names should be determined separately. Second, after dimensioning, set the "marking global scale" of the dimensioning to 100 (I have modified some of the content in the previous annotation settings, please watch). Other settings are as described above.

Next is a 1:50 scale stair sample and a bathroom sample. When drawing such a drawing, I usually copy the relevant parts of the floor plan to the side of the original drawing, then delete and cut off the redundant parts. There are a few things to modify next. One is the linear scale. Except for the solid line, the others, such as the dotted line and the dashed-dotted line, are changed to half of the original linear scale. Second, the Scale of the same word size, elevation size, and axis number is the original 0.5 ratio. The third is the label setting. Change the "Label Global Scale" in all labels in this part to 50. In this case, when printed at a scale of 1:50, the size of each part will be more appropriate.

1:20 node large-scale drawing method is the same, no longer verbose.

After the drawings are drawn, all you have to do is set the frame. Every company has its own frame, and there should be different frames. When the frame is made, most of it will be in a 1:1 ratio: A0—1194*840; A1—840*597; A2—597*420; A3—420*297; A4—297*210. Among them, the vertical frame is often used for the A1 and A2 frames. Also, when we need to lengthen the picture frame, it should be in the direction of the long side of the picture frame, and increase according to the modulus of 1/4 of the long side of the picture frame. Regardless of the size of each frame, the size of the icon bar should be the same when it is printed in a certain proportion. We scale the picture frames of different sizes according to the scale we want to draw the picture, and put the picture in it.

There are two more points to be said about the drawing of construction drawings to scale. First, not all the horizontal and vertical section drawings should be in the ratio of 1:100. For some warehouses and workshops with few details, the ratio of 1:150 or 1:200 can also be considered. This will make the drawing full.

The second point is that no matter what the drawing is, remember to draw with the actual 1MM corresponding to each standard unit 1 in AUTOCAD (except for the general drawing). The drawings of different scales are only in the font size, linear scale, annotation The labeling of the global scale and other places are different.

Of course, the above situation is for the situation that all the pictures of the same scale are placed in the same picture frame. There is a slight difference when placing pictures of different scales in a picture frame. Let's take a 1:100 floor plan to put a 1:20 node sample as an example.

First, determine 1:100 as the main scale in this picture. The 1:100 floor plan is drawn according to the above method, and the 1:20 node large sample is also drawn according to the above method, and each setting is modified. When you find that you want to merge it into the 1:100 graph, copy the 1:20 node to the 1:100 graph frame, scale 5 times, and then need to modify two things. One is the linear scale, and the other is the two parameters in the annotation. One of them is to mark the global scale to 1:100 (ie the main scale), and the second is to mark the linear scale, which is changed to 0.2. That's it. Of course, when drawing drawings of other scales, if it is determined from the beginning that they should be placed with other drawings of different scales, some of the above sequences can be adjusted, which can reduce some steps and be less time-consuming.

There are also some things to pay attention to for the pictures that are not drawn according to the scale, and also pay attention to the problem of proportion.

Let's take a scenario as an example.

When we are designing a scheme, we must pay attention to the problem of scale when it comes to the stage of sorting out the map. First of all, it is necessary to determine the final picture frame. The previous scheme texts were all A3, and now they are also commonly used in A2 (that is, two vertical versions of A3). After determining the final drawing scale, we need to estimate the approximate drawing scale, and then according to the printed word height is about 2.5MM (the scale of the scheme text is generally above 1:200, unless it is a villa or a small house) , Small public buildings, the font size and dimension can be appropriately smaller) Wherever the appropriate value of the font size and dimension in the drawing is introduced. If necessary, you can print out the first drawing that is similar to the drawing at the beginning of the finishing process. After confirming that there is no problem, you can continue to finish other drawings. The drawings are all sorted out, framed, and handed over to the printing company—OK.

Here, a little mention of paper space. Paper space is a very interesting thing, and there are big differences in the scale setting of drawings, batch printing, etc. However, after trying out the blueprint space for a period of time, I gave up, because the drawings drawn by our architectural major are not only for our own drawing, but also as conditional drawings for other majors. After I referred the drawings in the blueprint space to other majors, the result was a constant phone call. I found that not only did I have to master the blueprint space, but I also taught all other majors to master the blueprint space... So, I It's no longer useful to give up...hehe.不过，我发现在一些国外公司，除了在方案，在施工图中，也大量运用到图纸空间，不知他们是如何解决掉上面所述的我的困惑的，也许是对公司的所有员工都进行有关的培训吧（当公司的员工较多，而且有很多是中老年员工时，这是很痛苦的）。 AUTOCAD使用心得之七——AUTOCAD与其他软件的交互

从事设计工作，除了要使用到AUTOCAD外，还经常要使用到其他软件，如Sketchup、Photoshop、Lightcape、3dMax、CorelDraw、Word、Excel等，有时会碰到各个软件的交互。

一、SketchupSketchup这个软件出来的时间不长，但应该说深受广大建筑设计人员的喜爱，因为它可以很方便的将平面的图形立起来，进行体块的研究，或者是细部的推敲。在很多设计公司，现在都是先将建筑设计（包括装修、规划、城市设计等）用Sketchup竖起来，推敲好，再提给效果图公司建模绘效果图。这样也有利于效果图公司能够比较直观地了解需要建模的对象。我建议所有的建筑师，特别是年轻的建筑师，都要一定程度的了解Sketchup。建筑设计绝对不是平面设计，除了在平面中考虑流线、功能外，其他都要3维的考虑。国外的好的设计都是经过一轮轮不同比例的模型推敲的。

Sketchup与Autocad的交互很简单，在Autocad中绘制到一定程度，需要SU时，整理一下dwg文件，删除掉一些没用的东西，保留下基本的平面图，并选中所有图元，将其中的某个基准点Move到0，0，0坐标（不这样做的话，你在SU中会找不到图形的），保存，SU中导入即可。

二、3dMax3dMax，最常规也最常用的效果图绘制软件，建模非常方便（与Sketchup建模不同，不多叙述，反正一般建筑师用Sketchup，效果图制作者用3dMax就对了，两者的建模思路不同）。现在也经常使用一些渲染器如VRay、巴西等等来配合进行好的效果的渲染。

Autocad中的平立面图，在3dmax的建模过程中都需要，导入过程都比较简单，不罗嗦了。不过有一点要注意，图层设置合理，图元绘制精确的cad图纸导入3dmax要比“乱七八糟”(原谅我使用这个词)的图节省建模者的很多时间。

三、LightcapeLightcape，我个人觉得室内效果图的效果，使用Lightcape比3dmax渲染出来好的多。一般先在3dmax里建好模型，并初步贴上图并打上灯光，再导入Lightcape中调整贴图、灯光，并渲染。也有高手直接在Lightcape中建模的，呵呵。具体哪个步骤在3dmax或Lightcape里完成，关键看操作者对哪个软件更加熟悉一些了。

四、CorelDrawCorelDraw，在好几年以前，平面上色（平渲）时经常会使用到这个软件，最大的好处是出来的东西都是矢量文件。不过现在好象一般都PS来平面上色了。

五、PhotoshopPhotoshop，这个行业最主要有三个地方会用到这个软件。一是方案的文本制作阶段；二是效果图的后处理，三是用来扫描一些图纸、照片等。

就Photoshop和Autocad的交互而言，两种，一是将Autocad的图纸导成位图文件（即后缀名为jpg、bmp等），以用于文本制作等；另一是将位图文件倒入Autocad中，常见的是将扫描的地形图导入以便绘制成电子文档。

先说第二种简单的，将位图文件倒入Autocad中。在Autocad的菜单中，选择“插入”，再选择“光栅图像”，然后按照提示一步步操作即可。

对于导入地形图，也可以使用一些软件，如Vpstudio、R2V等来辅助矢量化。

将Autocad的图纸导成位图文件有三种方法，最简单的是利用“Print Sceen”键进行屏幕拷贝，然后到PS中新开一个文件，粘贴即可。第二种是在Autocad的菜单中，选择“输出”，再选择bmp的后缀存储。这样，同样可以把Autocad的屏幕显示内容变成位图文件。

在我们需要将Autocad中的图纸转变成为较大分辨率的位图文件时，需要用到第三种方法。先需要设置一下。菜单中“工具”—“选项”—打印和发布，“添加或配置绘图仪”—“添加绘图仪向导”。出来一张“添加绘图仪”的菜单，左侧是阶段，右侧是选择内容。“开始”阶段选择“我的电脑”，“绘图仪型号”阶段选择生产商为“光栅文件格式”，最右侧的表格中基本上每个都可以，我习惯于选择bmp。一路选择“下一步”。在“完成”阶段选择“编辑绘图仪配置”，出现“编辑绘图仪配置”菜单，在这个菜单中自定义一个图纸尺寸，做文本的话，4000*3000足够用了。确定后，我们便完成了一个类似于打印机的的设置。当我们需要转换位图文件时，采用类似于打印的方法即可。

六、Word在说Word之前，先说一下Autocad中的文字输入方法。Autocad中的文字输入方法有两种，一是输入为“text”，即单行文字。对于少量的文字，推荐使用这种方法。二是输入为“mtext”，即多行文字。对于长篇大论，如设计说明等，推荐使用这种方法。

在Word中，将长篇大论写好，“Ctrl+A” “Ctrl+C”，在Autocad中选择“绘图”—“文字”—“多行文字”，框选将要写入文字的区域，在跳出来的菜单中“Ctrl+V”，修改顶上的一些设置即可。

Autocad中的图纸要插入Word中，须先将其转换为位图文件即可，方法如前所述。注意一点，就是图片的分辨率不用太大了。

七、Excel在Autocad中制作表格，以前的版本比较苯，是用一笔一笔画出来，最近几个版本的Autocad有了表格制作功能，但我觉得还是不方便不灵活，于是有时候还是一笔一笔画出来（我也比较苯）。Excel制作表格非常方便，最近发现一个小插件—AutoXlsTable，非常好用，将Excel中的表格导入到Autocad中，大家不妨试试。有关标注的设置那一部分，修改如下:

标注的设置(Dimstyle)。标注定义里面的选项多了一点，不过要注意的地方倒是不多。我一般情况下会定义一种设置，对于有特殊的情况，我会单独修改其属性，然后其他的用格式刷来刷。介绍一下我常用的标注定义的设置吧。

线和箭头：所有颜色和线宽的选择均为Bylayer，箭头大小1.5，其他几个数据一般在1~2。

文字：文字样式要选择前面提到的宽度定义为0.5的字体，颜色仍旧是Bylayer，文字高度3.5，文字位置垂直为上方，水平为置中，从尺寸线偏移0.6，文字与尺寸线对齐。

其它一些选项根据需要调整，无需注意地方。

这样的标注设置是整张图纸的所有标注的基础设置，在绘制不同比例的图纸时，需要将其中的“标注全局比例”根据出图比例进行调整。1:100出的图，需要将其“标注全局比例”调整为100；1:150出的图，需要将其“标注全局比例”调整为50。

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