A device that operates in the microwave band (frequency of 300 to 300,000 MHz) is called a microwave device. Microwave devices are a collective term for a range of related devices operating in the microwave band. Such as connecting components, terminal components, matching components, attenuation and phase shifting components, shunting components, filtering components, and the like. Through the circuit design, these devices can be combined into various microwave circuits with specific functions, and the microwave system and the microwave circuit together constitute a microwave system.
Second, the classification of microwave devicesMicrowave devices can be divided into: waveguide type, coaxial line type, and microstrip line type.
Divided into working waveforms: single mode device, multimode device
According to the network port can be divided into: one port network, two port network, three port network, four port network.
1. Terminal load component: a port reciprocal component, mainly including short-circuit load, matched load and mismatched load
1) Short-circuit load, requirements:
(1) Ensure that the loss at the contact is small,
(2) When the piston moves, the contact loss changes little;
(3) At high power, there should be no sparking between the piston and the waveguide wall.
Can be used as a dispenser, pure reactance component
Structure: contact, turbulent (metal)
2) Matching load
The main technical indicators of all components that absorb input power: operating frequency f, input standing wave ratio, power capacity. As a matching standard, equivalent antenna, absorption load, and the like.
3) Mismatched load
As a standard mismatch load. Absorb a portion of the power and reflect a portion of the power.
2. Microwave connection component: two-port reciprocal component. Mainly include: waveguide Connectors, attenuators, phase shifters, and adapters. The role is to connect differently acting microwave components into a complete system.
The basic nature of the lossless reciprocal two-port network:
1) If one port matches, the other port automatically matches;
2) If the network is completely matched, it must be completely transmitted, or vice versa;
3) Only two of the phase angles of S11, S12, and S22 are independent. When two phase angles are known, the third phase angle can be determined.
3. Impedance matching components
Diaphragm (inductive diaphragm b side)
Capacitive diaphragm (wide side)
Pin (inductor)
Screw adapters (single, double, triple, and four screws----the same principle as the branch adapter, but the screws are only capacitors).
Microwave devices have the advantages of high efficiency and convenient use, and are of great significance for the realization of all solid state of electronic equipment such as radar, communication and electronic countermeasures. Microwave oscillators (microwave sources) are important components in microwave systems and are the heart of electronic equipment, with a direct impact on their performance. For example, in a high-power microwave weapon system, a high-power microwave oscillator determines its killing performance; in a radar system, the microwave oscillator determines the range of the radar.
The microwave interacts with the remotely sensed target and background to generate phenomena such as scattering, radiation, absorption, and resonance. It is the information obtained by using the microwave remote sensor to obtain the target and background, and realize the mechanism of remote sensing or detection. The current purpose of remote sensing of land, sea and atmosphere is to achieve resource survey, land use, environmental monitoring, disaster forecasting, and meteorological observation. It refers to all objects in various forms and states in the atmosphere, ocean and land as targets and backgrounds. In theory they belong to different media. These media can be divided into homogeneous media, electrolyte solution media, and non-uniform mixed media. In the specific study of the interaction between electromagnetic waves and media, the media is divided into continuous media, discrete media, lossless media, lossy media, anisotropic media, layered media, random media, fractal media, Rotating wave medium, etc. Maxwell's equation is a mathematical formula that describes the interaction of a medium with a wave to produce radiation, scattering, attenuation, and so on. Because the microwave remote sensing object is extremely complicated, the established Maxwell equation is more difficult to obtain a strict solution, and can only be solved by the approximate analytical method and the numerical method. In the approximate solution, there are perturbation method, variational method, iterative method, optical method, physical optics method, ray method, physical ray method, operator method, finite element method, field-path combination method, and the like. Sometimes the problem of the solution of nonlinear differential equations is also dealt with. The action of the medium measures the radiation, scattering, and absorption associated with the parameters. Conversely, the nature and state of the target is established from the data or image obtained from the microwave remote sensor. The former is an analytical problem in an electromagnetic field, or a positive problem, using a method of analyzing differential equations. The latter belongs to the integral equation inversion, or inverse problem, which belongs to the recovery and reconstruction of physical properties or images. In order to establish a physical model of the target or background, provide more accurate parameters, not only from the size, geometry, state, physical and chemical properties of the research target and background, but also from the atomic and molecular structure that generates the interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter. The study of goals and background behavior in the microcosm. Due to the complexity and uncertainty of microwave over-sensing objects, only physical and mathematical models that are basically consistent with reality can be established. It is crucial to test the correctness of the theoretical model using field test methods. It can be said that micro-sensing research is a research topic closely related to the theory of electromagnetic field theory research and actual measurement. The research on microwave remote sensing theory is bound to promote the development of electromagnetic field theory in depth.
The research on microwave remote sensing theory in China has received attention from the state in recent years. The major topics, key topics and surface topics of the National Natural Science Foundation of China support the research on scattering and radiation of microwave imaging theory research, target and background. Through the national key projects of "Sixth Five-Year Plan", "Seventh Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan", a number of actual flight images and data of synthetic aperture side-view radar, microwave radiometer and scatterometer were obtained, and corresponding theoretical research was carried out. The Institute of Electronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Furi University, Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology, and Institute of Remote Sensing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have done a lot of effective work and achieved a number of results.
At present, human beings research, protect and develop the earth from the perspective of “global villageâ€. More than 60 Earth observation satellites that have been launched and operated provide a large number of complete, real-time and dynamic images of land, sea and atmosphere, bringing enormous economic and social benefits to human beings, making people clearly aware Forced technology is an indispensable technology for the protection, development and utilization of the Earth. The microwave remote sensor has become one of the best in its all-day, all-weather detection capability. The EOS program jointly conducted by the United States and Japan plans to launch 15 Earth observation satellites from 1991 to 2010 to implement the Global Change Research Program (GCRP). Microwave, glutinous wave and submillimeter wave remote sensors are mainly used to monitor atmospheric composition and ocean dynamic state. Atmospheric ocean parameters are important indicators of changes in the Earth's environment. Remote sensing technology is a high-tech with macroscopic, rapid, accurate and dynamic access to information developed along with space technology, and has become an indispensable support force for the development of China's national economy. Remote sensing technology will play an important role in solving the three major problems of population expansion, resource scarcity and environmental destruction in the world. Microwave remote sensing technology has become the focus of current research, development and use of Earth observation because it has better characteristics than visible light and infrared remote sensing technology. Under the unified planning of the State Science and Technology Commission, China has developed an airborne synthetic aperture side-view radar, and made several flight tests. It has applied research in flood control, railway line selection, geology and prospecting. The airborne (imaging) microwave radiometer developed into multiple frequency bands has been used for flight test and application on land and sea. The microwave radiation images and data of typical features, sea surface oil film, sea ice and coastal zone have been obtained. . The airborne radar scatterometer and the airborne marine radar altimeter were developed and the flight test was successfully completed. Several universities and research institutes have carried out microwave remote sensing theory research and obtained preliminary results. Synthetic aperture side-view radar, microwave radiometer, microwave imager, marine radar high-altitude, and microwave scatterometer have entered the stage of express engineering or pre-research.
Microwave remote sensing is a science and technology with great difficulty, high theoretical level and broad application prospects. It should further strengthen unified leadership and support. The limited number of personnel and key instruments engaged in the development of microwave remote sensors have been uniformly deployed to concentrate on the research of spaceborne microwave remote sensors. For airborne microwave remote sensors, more applications should be used to solve specific problems in production practice, scientific research, disaster prevention and mitigation, and to accumulate experience in theory and application. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the research work of microwave remote sensing theory, carry out the experimental research work of land-based microwave remote sensing, and do the preliminary work for data inversion and interpretation of spaceborne operation.
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